249.
Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln,
Covid-Induced School Closures in the US and Germany: Long-Term Distributional Effects, 2022.09.09,
https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/advance-article/doi/10.1093/epolic/eiac052/6694841?searchresult=1 .
The author documents that schooling time dropped on average by -55% in the US and -45% in Germany from the onset of the crisis to the summer of 2021. In the US, schools were closed longer in richer than in poorer areas, while in Germany the regional variation is much smaller. However, Germany exhibited substantial variation by grade level, with a strong U-shaped patterns that implies that children attending middle school faced the longest closures. A structural model of human capital accumulation predicts that the US school closures on average lead to a reduction of life-time earnings of–1.8% for the affected children. While the overall losses are likely somewhat smaller in Germany, the socio-economic gradient in the losses could be larger than in the US, leading to increased inequality and decreased intergenerational mobility.
248.
Giacomo De Giorgi, Pascal Geldsetzer, etc.,
The impact of face-mask mandates on all-cause mortality in Switzerland: a quasi-experimental study, 2022.09.10,
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurpub/ckac123/6695430?searchresult=1 .
Focusing on a quasi-experimental setting in Switzerland, the research aimed to determine (i) the effect of face-mask mandates for indoor public spaces on all-cause mortality; and (ii) how the effect has varied over time, and by age and sex. The research concluded that mandating face-mask use in public indoor spaces in Switzerland in mid-to-late 2020 does not appear to have resulted in large reductions in all-cause mortality in the short term. There is some suggestion that combining face-mask mandates with social distancing rules reduced all-cause mortality.
247.
Vernon Valentine Palmer,
Excused Performances: Force Majeure, Impracticability, and Frustration of Contracts, 2022.09.12,
https://academic.oup.com/ajcl/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ajcl/avac017/6696364?searchresult=1 .
The global pandemic spreads to the far corners of the world, causing untold deaths, sickness, crowded hospitals, supply shortages, business closures, disrupted supply lines, and other distressing conditions. The report made incidental attempts to illustrate how the pandemic fits within the existing law on excused performances. In a sense it is not anticipated that Covid-19 will produce fundamental doctrinal changes in the common law of the United States. Rather, it will produce changes and important insertions in the so-called force majeure clauses of future contracts.
246.
Joshua Teperowski Monrad, Sebastian Quaade, Timothy Powell-Jackson,,
Supply, then demand? Health expenditure, political leanings, cost obstacles to care, and vaccine hesitancy predict state-level COVID-19 vaccination rates, 2022.09.08,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9452439/ .
The objective of the research is to examine predictors of state-level COVID-19 vaccination rates during the first nine months of 2021, employing a robust, iteratively re-weighted least squares multivariable regression with state characteristics as the independent variables and vaccinations per capita as the outcome. The research identifies associations between vaccination rates and several state characteristics, including health expenditure, vaccine hesitancy, cost obstacles to care, Democratic voting, and elderly population share. The research shows that the determinants of vaccination rates have evolved: while supply-side factors were most clearly associated with early vaccination uptake, demand-side factors have become increasingly salient over time. The results are generally robust to a range of alternative specifications. Both supply and demand-side factors relate to vaccination cov-erage and the determinants of success have changed over time.
245.
Pei-Ling Lee, Chun-Teck Lye, Chin Lee,
Is bank risk appetite relevant to bank default in times of Covid-19? 2022.09.06,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9446075/ .
The paper aims to analyze the effect of bank risk appetite on banks' default probabilities during the year of COVID-19 in 12 countries while controlling for bank-specific and country-specific effects over time. A System Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) model of default probabilities is estimated over the periods 2010–2021. This study confirms the ‘risk-mitigation view’, in which banks with higher ESG scores are more prudent in lending and have better relationship management, reducing the probability of bank default. Underperforming banks tend to have a higher portion of risky loans in their credit portfolio and therefore demonstrating a higher default propensity. Bank risk appetite, ESG, asset quality, economic growth, and currency depreciation appear to be material drivers for bank risk. It is found that a lower risk appetite ratio is associated with higher estimated default probability during the COVID-19 outbreak, identified through interaction with a single time dummy for 2020 (the break-out year of the pandemic).
244.
Bela Patel, Robert E Murphy, etc.,
Surge in Incidence and COVID-19 Hospital Risk of Death, United States, September 2020 to March 2021, 2022.08.26,
https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac424 .
The study aimed to determine if in-hospital mortality was impacted by the community surge of COVID-19 during September 2020-March 2021. The study found that the unadjusted proportion of deaths among discharged patients was 9% in both the pre-surge and rising surge stages but rose to 12% during both the peak and declining surge intervals. The surge rise in-hospital mortality was present in seven of nine geographic divisions and greater for community hospitals than for academic centers.
243.
Roberto Hincapie, PhD, Diego Munoz, etc.,
Effect of Flight Connectivity on Introduction and Evolution of COVID-19 in Canadian Cities, 2022.08.30,
https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taac100 .
The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged health services and governments in Canada and around the world. The research aims to evaluate the effect of domestic and international air travel patterns on the COVID-19 pandemic in Canadian provinces and territories. The results show a clear decline in passenger volumes from March 2020 due to public health policies, interventions, and other measures taken to limit or control the spread of COVID-19. Historical travel information is important for public health planning and pandemic resource allocation.
242.
Diego Forni, Cristian Molteni, etc.,
Geographic Structuring and Divergence Time Frame of Monkeypox Virus in the Endemic Region, 2022.07.14,
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac298 .
Monkeypox is an emerging zoonosis endemic to Central and West Africa. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is genetically structured in 2 major clades (clades 1 and 2/3), but its evolution is poorly explored. The thesis retrieved MPXV genomes from public repositories and analyzed geographic patterns using STRUCTURE. Molecular dating was performed using a using a Bayesian approach. The thesis drew the conclusion that the distinct histories of the 2 clades may derive from differences in MPXV ecology in West and Central Africa.
241.
Boghuma K Titanji, Bryan Tegomoh, etc.,
Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals, 2022.06.23,
https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac310 .
The ongoing 2022 multicountry outbreak of monkeypox is the largest in history to occur outside of Africa. The article presents in this review an updated overview of monkeypox for healthcare professionals in the context of the ongoing outbreaks around the world.
240.
Christopher Robertson,
What the harm principle says about vaccination and healthcare rationing, 2022.06.25,
https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsac017 .
Clinical ethicists hold near consensus on the view that healthcare should be provided regardless of patients’ past behaviors. In contrast, the COVID-19 pandemic suggests the possible recurrence of a very different situation, where a foreseeable acute shortage of healthcare resources means that some cannot be helped. And that shortage is exacerbated by the discrete decision of some to decline a free, safe, and highly effective vaccine, where the facts are clear. In such a future case, if healthcare must be denied to some patients, rationers who ignore vaccination status will become complicit in externalizing the consequences of refusing vaccination onto those who did not refuse.
Chinese Society of International Law, in association with Chinese Institute of International Law at China Foreign Affairs University, and National Center for Foreign-related Rule of Law Research at China Foreign Affairs University
Contact: secretary@bigghgg.cn